Economics Readings Site By Colin Ong

This blog has been created to provide an area for economics students to read about how economics impacts daily life. It is especially useful for students to understand the application of macroeconomics as communicated through the media and governmental websites.

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Carbon Emission

Sep 26, 2008
China, biggest carbon polluter

PARIS - CHINA has leapfrogged the United States as the world's biggest carbon emitter and India is heading for third place, scientists said on Friday in a report that warned global greenhouse gas levels were scaling record peaks.

The report, by a research consortium called the Global Carbon Project (GCP), confirms an estimate that China has become the biggest producer of carbon dioxide (CO2), the principal gas that causes global warming.

Until 2005, rich countries emitted most of the world's man-made CO2. Today, developing countries now account for 53 per cent of the total, the GCP said.

'The biggest increase in emissions has been taking place in developing countries, largely in China and India, while developed countries have been growing slowly,' it said.

'The largest regional shift was that China passed the US in 2006 to become the latest CO2 emitter, and India will soon overtake Russia to become the third largest emitter.'

The GCP said CO2 emissions last year were the equivalent to almost 10 billion tonnes of carbon. Fossil fuels accounted for 8.5 billion tonnes and changes to land use, mainly through deforestation, accounted for the rest.

Atmospheric concentrations of CO2 surged 2.2 parts per million (ppm) in 2007 to reach 383 ppm. The rise was 1.8 ppm in 2006.

At 383 ppm, CO2 levels are 37 per cent above the benchmark of 1750 when the start of the Industrial Revolution unleashed voracious use of coal, oil and gas, it said.

'The present concentration is the highest during the last 650,000 years and probably during the last 20 million years,' the report said.

It warned: 'All of these changes characterise a carbon cycle that is generating stronger climate forcing, and sooner than expected.'

The document, to be unveiled simultaneously at conferences in Paris and Washington on Friday, also made these points:

- Emissions have risen starkly since the Millennium.

From 2000-2007, the average annual hike has been 2.0 ppm. This compares with 1.3 ppm per year in the 1970s, 1.6 ppm in the 1980s and 1.5 ppm in the 1990s.

- Fossil-fuel emissions this decade are running at four times those of the 1990s.

- Tropical deforestation amounted to 1.5 billion tonnes of carbon last year, with Latin America and Asia each accounting for 600 million tonnes and Africa 300 million.

- Natural 'sinks' - the ocean, forests and other land - are 'a huge subsidy' to the global economy, worth US$500 billion (S$711 billion) annually for soaking up more than half of the CO2 that would otherwise be released into the atmosphere and increase the greenhouse effect.

But these 'sinks' are in a bad way. Their efficiency has fallen by five per cent over the past 50 years 'and will continue to do so in the future.'

The GCP report, Carbon Budget 2007, is authored by eight scientists in a project sponsored by the International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (IGBP), the International Human Dimensions Programme on Global Environmental Research (IHDP) and the World Climate Research Program.